Character Growth in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay...

Character Growth in Conrads Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness explores the intellectual, emotional and moral growth of characters throughout the novella. This character growth has been a recurring theme in literature, with the poet William Blake, among many others, exploring theories of the movement between innocence to experience. Although Conrad does not strictly address character growth in this manner, characters that do and do not undergo psychological growth are portrayed quite differently. Those who undergo these psychological changes are portrayed favorably, that is Marlow, the frame narrator, and Kurtz. These characters throughout the novel undergo significant change, for some it is gradual†¦show more content†¦At the start of the novella, the reader is faced with the frame narrator’s thoughts, feelings and opinions, which in relation to colonialism are rather optimistic and naà ¯ve to the reality Marlow later reveals. The setting is the river Thames, London, where the Nellies narrator s ays the Thames stretched before us like the beginning of an interminable waterway, going on to say the biggest, and greatest town on earth, and expressing colonialism as the dreams of men, the seed of commonwealths. His opinions represent hope, possibility and optimism. This initial description then can be juxtaposed to the end of the novel, after hearing Marlow tale, when he says, the Thames seemed to lead into the heart of an immense darkness. It can be seen as evidenced above that the narrator undergoes a significant growth, from one extreme polarization to another, however throughout the text there are various small changes that can be inferred which lead to the eventual change (seen at the end of the novel) of the frame narrator. As expressed by Hena Maes-Jelinek He is the only one who takes part imaginatively in Marlows tale - and is changed by it. His active participation in the story alludes that he is slowly undergoing a significant change, he says I listened, I listened on the watch for the sentence, for the word, that would give me the clue to the faint uneasiness inspired by this narrative. TheShow MoreRelatedEssay Symbolism In Heart Of Darkness1077 Words   |  5 PagesJoseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness lies a tale saturated with subtle, yet, significant imagery that brings forth the true meaning of the novella. Throughout Heart of Darkness Conrad uses a plethora of simple colors, objects, and places to convey multifaceted images and ideas. His fine execution of the tools of the English language allows him to quickly lure the reader aboard the Nellie and not release him until the horror is over. 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The Bill Of Rights Of The United States - 1665 Words

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Models In Therapeutic Recreation Services Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(180) " services do non possess these, have non been able to utilize them in their leisure clip, or need to re-learn them integrating the effects of their unwellness and/ or disablement\." Curative Recreation seeks to advance the capacity and ability of groups and persons to do ego determined and responsible picks, in visible radiation of their demands to turn, to research new positions and possibilities, and to gain their full potency. Within this assignment I am traveling to critically compare and measure the usage of the undermentioned theoretical accounts in the Therapeutic Recreation Service: The Leisure Ability Model and the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model. In making so I will foremost depict the two theoretical accounts in item and so critically compare and measure them both and their usage in the curative diversion service. We will write a custom essay sample on Models In Therapeutic Recreation Services Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Leisure Ability Model: Every human being demands, wants, and deserves leisure. Leisure presents chances to see command, learn new accomplishments, run into new people, intensify bing relationships, and develop a clearer sense of ego. Leisure provides the context in which people can larn, interact, show individuality, and self-actualize ( Kelly, 1990 ) . A big figure of persons are constrained from full and hearty leisure experiences. It so follows that many persons with disablements and/or unwellnesss may see more frequent, terrible, or enduring barriers compared with their non-disabled opposite numbers, merely due to the presence of disablement and/or unwellness. The Leisure Ability Models underlying footing stems from the constructs of: ( a ) learned helplessness vs. command or self-government ; ( B ) intrinsic motive, internal venue of control, and causal ascription ; ( degree Celsius ) pick ; and ( vitamin D ) flow. Learned Helplessness: Learned weakness is the perceptual experience by an person that events go oning in his or her life are beyond his or her personal control, and hence, the single Michigans seeking to consequence alterations or results with his or her life ( Seligman, 1975 ) . They will finally halt desiring to take part in activity or take part in any other manner. They will larn that the regulations are outside of their control and person else is in charge of puting the regulations. Their ability to take a hazard will be diminished and they will larn to be incapacitated. Learned weakness may show a psychological barrier to full leisure engagement and it may, conversely, be unlearned with the proviso of well-designed services. Intrinsic Motivation, Internal Locus of Control, and Causal Attribution: All persons are per se motivated toward behavior in which they can see competency and self-government. As such, persons seek experiences of incongruousness or challenges in which they can get the hang the state of affairs, cut down the incongruousness, and demo competency. This procedure is continual and through skill acquisition and command, produces feelings of satisfaction, competency, and control. An internal venue of control implies that the person has the orientation that he or she is responsible for the behavior and outcomes he or she produces ( Deci, 1975 ) . Typically persons with an internal venue of control take duty for their determinations and the effects of their determinations, while an person with an external venue of control will put duty, recognition, and fault on other persons. An internal venue of control is of import for the person to experience autonomous or responsible, be motivated to go on to seek challenges, and develop a sense of self-competence. hypertext transfer protocol: //dw.com.com/redir? tag=rbxira.2.a.10 A ; destUrl=http: //www.cnet.com/b.gif Attribution implies that an single believes that he or she can impact a peculiar result ( Deci, 1975 ; Seligman, 1975 ) . An of import facet of the sense of achievement, competency, and control is the person ‘s reading of personal part to the result. Without a sense of personal causing, the likeliness of the single development learned weakness additions greatly. Choice: The Leisure Ability Model besides relies to a great extent on the construct of pick, pick implies that the person has sufficient accomplishments, cognition, and attitudes to be able to hold options from which to take, and the accomplishments and desires to do appropriate picks. Lee and Mobily ( 1988 ) stated that curative diversion services should construct accomplishments and supply participants with options for engagement. Flow: When accomplishment degree is high and activity challenge is low, the person is rather likely to be bored. When the accomplishment degree is low and the activity challenge is high, the person is most likely to be dying. When the accomplishment degree and activity challenge are indistinguishable or about indistinguishable, the person is most able to accomplish a province of concentration and energy outgo that Csikszentmihalyi ( 1990 ) has labeled â€Å" flow. † Treatment Servicess During intervention services, the client by and large has less control over the purpose of the plans and is dependent on the professional judgement and counsel provided by the specializer. The client experiences less freedom of pick during intervention services than any other class of curative diversion service. The function of the specializer supplying intervention services is that of healer. Within intervention services, the client has minimal control and the healer has maximum control. The specializer typically designates the client ‘s degree and type of engagement, with well small input from the client. In order to successfully bring forth client results, the specializer must be able to measure accurately the client ‘s functional shortages ; create, design, and implement specific intercessions to better these shortages ; and measure the client outcomes achieved from intervention plans. hypertext transfer protocol: //dw.com.com/redir? tag=rbxira.2.a.10 A ; destUrl=http: //www.cnet.com/b.gifThe ultimate result of intervention services is to extinguish, significantly better, or learn the client to accommodate to bing functional restrictions that hamper attempts to prosecute to the full in leisure chases. Often these functional shortages are to the grade that the client has trouble acquisition, developing his or her full potency, interacting with others, or being independent. The purpose of intervention services is to cut down these barriers so farther larning and engagement by the client can take topographic point. Leisure Education: Leisure instruction services focus on the client geting leisure-related attitudes, cognition, and accomplishments. Participating successfully in leisure requires a diverse scope of accomplishments and abilities, and many clients of curative diversion services do non possess these, have non been able to utilize them in their leisure clip, or need to re-learn them integrating the effects of their unwellness and/ or disablement. You read "Models In Therapeutic Recreation Services Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Leisure instruction services are provided to run into a broad scope of client demands related to prosecuting in a assortment of leisure activities and experiences. ( Howe, 1989, p. 207 ) . The overall result sought through leisure instruction services is a client who has enough cognition and accomplishments that an informed and independent pick can be made for his or her future leisure engagement. Leisure instruction agencies increased freedom of pick, increased venue of control, increased intrinsic motive, and increased independency for the client. Diversion Engagement: hypertext transfer protocol: //dw.com.com/redir? tag=rbxira.2.a.10 A ; destUrl=http: //www.cnet.com/b.gif Diversion engagement plans are structured activities that allow the client to pattern freshly acquired accomplishments, and/or experience enjoyment and self-expression. These plans are provided to let the client greater freedom of pick within an organized bringing system and may, in fact, be portion of the person ‘s leisure life style. The client ‘s function in diversion engagement plans includes greater determination devising and increased self-regulated behavior. The client has increased freedom of pick and his or her motive is mostly intrinsic. In these plans, the specializer is by and large no longer learning or â€Å" in charge † per Se. The client becomes mostly responsible for his or her ain experience and result, with the specializer traveling to an organiser and/or supervisor function. As Stumbo and Peterson ( 1998 ) noted, diversion engagement allows the client an chance to pattern new accomplishments, experience enjoyment, and accomplish self-expression. From a clinical position, diversion engagement does much more. For case, diversion chances provide clients with reprieve from other, more backbreaking, therapy services. Leisure instruction plans may concentrate on: ( a ) self-awareness in relation to clients ‘ new position ; ( B ) larning societal accomplishments such as assertiveness, get bying, and friendly relationship devising ; ( c ) re-learning or accommodating pre-morbid leisure accomplishments ; and ( vitamin D ) placement leisure resources appropriate to new involvements and that are accessible. Diversion engagement plans may affect practising a assortment of new leisure and societal accomplishments in a safe, structured environment. In planing and implementing these plans, the specializer physiques on chances for the person to exert control, command, intrinsic motive, and pick. The ultimate result would be for each client to be able to accommodate to and get by with single disablement to the extent that he or she will see a satisfying and independent leisure life style, and be able to get the hang accomplishments to accomplish flow. Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model: The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model ( Austin, 1996, 1997 ) stipulates that the intent of curative diversion is to help individuals to retrieve following menaces to wellness, by assisting them to reconstruct themselves or recover stableness. ( wellness protection ) , and secondly, optimizing their potencies in order that they may bask every bit high a quality of wellness as possible ( wellness publicity ) . Within this theoretical account ( Austin, 1997, p. 144 ) provinces that aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"the mission of curative diversion is to utilize activity, diversion, and leisure to assist people to cover with jobs that serve as barriers to wellness and to help them to turn toward their highest degrees of wellness and health † The wellness publicity, wellness protection theoretical account is broken up into four wide constructs which are the humanistic position, high degree health, stabilization and realization and wellness. Humanist Position: Those who embrace the humanistic position believe that each of us has the duty for his or her ain wellness and the capacity for doing autonomous and wise picks sing our wellness. Since persons are responsible for their ain wellness, it is critical to authorise persons to go involved in decision-making to the fullest extent possible ( Austin, 1997 ) . High-level Health: High-level wellness trades with assisting individuals to accomplish every bit high a degree of health as they are capable of accomplishing ( Austin, 1997 ) . Curative Diversion professionals have concern for the full scope of the illness-wellness continuum ( Austin, 1997 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //dw.com.com/redir? tag=rbxira.2.a.10 A ; destUrl=http: //www.cnet.com/b.gif Stabilization and Actualization Inclinations: The stabilizing inclination is concerned with keeping the â€Å" steady province † of the person. It is an version mechanism that helps us maintain emphasis in a manageable scope. It protects us from biophysical and psychosocial injury. The stabilizing inclination is the motivational force behind wellness protection that â€Å" focal points on attempts to travel off from or avoid negatively valence provinces of unwellness and hurt † ( Pender, 1996, p. 34 ) . The realization inclination drives us toward wellness publicity that â€Å" focal points on attempts to near or travel toward a positively valency province of high-ranking wellness and wellbeing † ( Pender, 1996, p. 34 ) . Health: King ( 1971 ) and Pender ( 1996 ) wellness encompasses both get bying adaptively and turning and going. Healthy people can get by with life ‘s stressors. Those who enjoy optimum wellness have the chance to prosecute the highest degrees of personal growing and development. Under the Health Protection/Health Promotion Model, therapists* recognize that to assist clients strive toward wellness publicity is the ultimate end of curative diversion. Further, therapists prize the right of each person to prosecute his or her highest province of wellbeing, or optimum wellness. TR pattern is hence based on a doctrine that encourages clients to try to accomplish maximal wellness, instead than merely retrieve from unwellness ( Austin, 1997 ) . The Component of Prescriptive Activities: When clients ab initio encounter unwellnesss or upsets, frequently they become self-involved. They have a inclination to retreat from their usual life activities and to see a loss of control over their lives ( Flynn, 1980 ) . Research ( e.g. , Langer A ; Rodin, 1976 ; Seligman A ; Maier, 1967 ) has shown that feelings of deficiency of control may convey about a sense of weakness that can finally bring forth terrible depression. At times such as this clients are meeting a important menace to their wellness and are non prepared to bask and profit from diversion or leisure. For these persons, activity is a necessary requirement to wellness Restoration. Activity is a agency for them to get down to derive control over their state of affairs and to get the better of feelings of weakness and depression that on a regular basis accompany loss of control. At this point on the continuum, Therapeutic Recreation professionals provide way and construction for prescribed activities. Once engaged in activity, clients can get down to comprehend themselves as being able to successfully interact with their environments, to get down to see feelings of success and command, and to take stairss toward recovering a sense of control. Clients come to gain that they are non inactive victims but can take action to reconstruct their wellness. They are so ready to partake in the diversion constituent of intervention. The Recreation Component: Diversion is activities that take topographic point during leisure clip ( Kraus. 1971 ) . Client demand to take portion in per se motivated diversion experiences that produce a sense of command and achievement within a supportive and nonthreatening atmosphere. Clients have fun as they learn new accomplishments, new behaviours, new ways to interact with others, new doctrines and values, and new knowledge about themselves. In short, they learn that they can be successful in their interactions with the universe. Through diversion they are able to re-create themselves, therefore battling menaces to wellness and reconstructing stableness. hypertext transfer protocol: //dw.com.com/redir? tag=rbxira.2.a.10 A ; destUrl=http: //www.cnet.com/b.gif The Leisure Component: Whereas diversion allows people to reconstruct themselves, leisure is growing advancing. Leisure is a agency to self-actualisation because it allows people to hold self-determined chances to spread out themselves by successfully utilizing their abilities to run into challenges. Feelingss of achievement, assurance and pleasance consequence from such growing bring forthing experiences. Therefore leisure assumes an of import function in helping people to make their potencies ( Iso-Ahola, 1989 ) . Core elements in leisure seem to be that it is freely chosen and per se motivated. The Recreation and Leisure Components: Although diversion and leisure differ in that diversion is an adaptative device that allows us to reconstruct ourselves and leisure is a phenomenon that allows growing, they portion commonalties. Both diversion and leisure are free from restraint. Both involve intrinsic motive and both provide an chance for people to see a enormous sum of control in their lives. Both permit us to suspend mundane regulations and conventions in order to â€Å" be ourselves † and â€Å" allow our hair down. † Both allow us to be human with all of our imperfectnesss and infirmities. It is the undertaking of the curative diversion professional to keep an unfastened, supportive, and nonthreatening atmosphere that encourages these positive properties of diversion and leisure and which help to convey about curative benefit ( Austin, 1996 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //dw.com.com/redir? tag=rbxira.2.a.10 A ; destUrl=http: //www.cnet.com/b.gif Harmonizing to Bandura ( 1986 ) , bolstered efficaciousness outlooks allow clients to hold assurance in themselves and in their abilities to win in the face of defeat. Thus, clients experience more and more able to be in control of their lives and to run into hardship as they move along the continuum toward higher degrees of wellness. It is the function of the TR professional to assist each client assume increasing degrees of independency as he or she moves along the illness-wellness continuum. Of class, the client with the greatest dependance on the healer will be the person who is in the poorest wellness. At this point the stabilizing inclination is paramount while the client efforts to guard off the menace to wellness and to return to his or her usual stable province. At this clip the healer engages the client in normative activities or diversion experiences in order to help the client with wellness protection. During normative activities the client ‘s control is the smalles t and the healer ‘s is the largest. During diversion there is more of a common engagement by the client and healer. With the aid of the healer, the client learns to choose, and take part in, diversion experiences that promote wellness betterment. Approximately center across the continuum, the stabilising inclination reduces and the actualising inclination begins to originate. Leisure begins to emerge as the paramount paradigm. As the realization inclination additions, the client becomes less and less dependent on the healer and more and more responsible for self-government. The function of the healer continues to decrease until the client is able to work without the assistant. At this point the client can work comparatively independently of the TR professional and there is no demand for TR service bringing ( Austin, 1997 ) . Comparison of the usage of the Leisure Ability Model to the Health Promotion/ Health Protection Model in Therapeutic Recreation Services: The function of the curative diversion specializer, in order to change by reversal the effects of erudite weakness, is to help the person in: ( a ) increasing the sense of personal causing and internal control, ( B ) increasing intrinsic motive, ( degree Celsius ) increasing the sense of personal pick and options, and ( vitamin D ) accomplishing the province of optimum experience or â€Å" flow. † In theory, so, curative diversion is provided to impact the entire leisure behavior ( leisure life style ) of persons with disablements and/or unwellnesss through decreasing learned weakness, and increasing personal control, intrinsic motive, and personal pick. This result is accomplished through the specific proviso of intervention, leisure instruction, and diversion engagement services which teach specific accomplishments, cognitions, and abilities, and take into consideration the matching of client accomplishment and activity challenge. Another strength is the Model ‘s flexibleness. One degree of flexibleness is with the three constituents of service. Each constituent of service is selected and programmed based on client demand. That is, some clients will necessitate intervention and leisure instruction services, without diversion engagement. Other clients will necessitate merely leisure instruction and diversion engagement services. Clearly, services are selected based on client demand. In add-on, plans conceptualized within each service constituent are selected based on client demand. flexibleness allow the specializer to custom design plans to suit the demands of every and any client group served by curative diversion. The ultimate end of leisure life style remains the same for every client, but since it is based on the person, how the life style will be implemented by the person and what it contains may differ. As such, the content of the Leisure Ability Model is non specific to any one population or client group, nor is it confined to any specific service or bringing scene. Some writers, including Kinney and Shank ( 1989 ) , have reported this as a strength of the Model. Harmonizing to the theoretical account, intercession may happen in a broad scope of scenes and references persons with â€Å" physical, mental, societal, or emotional restrictions † ( Peterson A ; Gunn, p. 4 ) . The intercession theoretical account is conceptually divided into three stages along a continuum of client operation and restrictiveness. The three stages of curative diversion intercession are arranged in a sequence, from greater healer control to lesser healer control, and from lesser client independency to greater client independency. This agreement is purposeful and is meant to convey that the ultimate purpose of the â€Å" appropriate leisure life style † is that it be engaged in independently and freely. Drumhead The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model contains three major constituents ( i.e. , prescribed activities, diversion, and leisure ) that range along an illness-wellness continuum. Harmonizing to their demands, clients may come in anyplace along the continuum. The theoretical account emphasizes the active function of the client who becomes less and less reliant on the TR professional as he or she moves toward higher degrees of wellness. Initially, way and construction are provided through normative activities to assist trip the client. During diversion, the client and healer articulation together in a common attempt to reconstruct normal operation. During leisure, the client assumes primary duty for his or her ain wellness and wellbeing. Evaluation of both theoretical accounts and there usage in curative diversion services: The overall intended result of curative diversion services, as defined by the Leisure Ability Model, is a satisfying, independent, and freely chosen leisure life style. In order to ease these perceptual experiences, curative diversion specializers must be able to plan, implement, and measure a assortment of activities that increase the individual ‘s single competency and sense of control. In relation to leisure behavior, Peterson ( 1989 ) felt that this includes bettering functional abilities, bettering leisure-related attitudes, accomplishments, cognition, and abilities, and voluntarily prosecuting in autonomous leisure behavior. Therefore, the three service countries of intervention, leisure instruction, and diversion engagement are designed to learn specific accomplishments to better personal competency and a sense of achievement. Csikszentmihalyi ( 1990 ) summed up the importance of these perceptual experiences: â€Å" In the long tally optimum experiences add up to a sense of mastery-or possibly better, a sense of engagement in finding the content of life-that comes every bit close to what is normally meant by felicity as anything else w e can conceivably conceive of † ( p. 4 ) . The curative diversion specializer must be able to adequately assess clients ‘ accomplishment degree ( through client appraisal ) and activity demands ( through activity analysis ) in order for the two to come close one another. Given Deci ‘s ( 1975 ) theory of intrinsic motive which includes the construct of incongruousness, curative diversion specializers may supply activities somewhat above the skill degree of clients in order to increase the sense of command. When this lucifer between the activity demands and client accomplishment degrees occurs, clients are most able to larn and see a higher quality leisure. To ease this, curative diversion specializers become responsible for groking and integrating the: ( a ) theoretical bases ( including but non limited to internal venue of control, intrinsic motive, personal causing, freedom of pick, and flow ) ; ( B ) typical client features, including demands and shortages ; ( degree Celsius ) facets of quality curative diversio n plan bringing procedure ( e.g. , client appraisal, activity analysis, outcome rating, etc. ) ; and ( vitamin D ) curative diversion content ( intervention, leisure instruction, and diversion engagement ) . These countries of understanding are of import for the curative diversion specializer to be able to plan a series of coherent, organized plans that meet client demands and travel the client farther toward an independent and satisfactory leisure life style. Again, the success of that life style is dependent on the client deriving a sense of control and pick over leisure options, and holding an orientation toward intrinsic motive, an internal venue of control, and a personal sense of causality. The Leisure Ability Model provides specific content that can be addressed with clients in order to ease their development, care, and look of a successful leisure life style. Each facet of this content applies to the hereafter success, independency, and wellbeing of clients in respect to their leisure. hypertext transfer protocol: //dw.com.com/redir? tag=rbxira.2.a.10 A ; destUrl=http: //www.cnet.com/b.gif The client has reduced major functional restrictions that prohibit or significantly limit leisure engagement ( or at least has learned ways to get the better of these barriers ) ; understands and values the importance of leisure in the entirety of life experiences ; has adequate societal accomplishments for engagement with others ; is able to take between several leisure activity options on a day-to-day footing, and do determinations for leisure engagement ; is able to turn up and utilize leisure resources as necessary ; and has increased perceptual experiences of pick, motive, freedom, duty, causality, and independency with respect to his or her leisure. These results are targeted through the designation of client demands, the proviso of plans to run into those demands, and the rating of results during and after plan bringing. A curative diversion specializer designs, implements, and evaluates services aimed at these results Austin ( 1989 ) objected to the Leisure Ability Model on the footing that is back uping a leisure behavior orientation, alternatively of the therapy orientation. â€Å" A figure of writers have objected to the Leisure Ability Model, holding observed that its across-the-board attack is excessively wide and lacks the focal point needed to direct a profession † ( Austin, p. 147 ) . Austin advocated an alliance of curative diversion with allied wellness and medical scientific discipline subjects, instead than leisure and diversion professionals The Model in Practice The Health Protection/Health Promotion Model may be applied in any scene ( i.e. , clinical or community ) in which the end of curative diversion is holistic wellness and wellbeing. Thus, anyone who wishes to better his or her degree of wellness can go a TR client. TR professionals view all clients as holding abilities and integral strengths, every bit good as possessing intrinsic worth and the possible for alteration. Through purposeful intercession utilizing the TR procedure ( i.e. , appraisal, planning, execution, rating ) , curative results emphasize enhanced client operation. Typical curative results include increasing personal consciousness, bettering societal accomplishments, heightening leisure abilities, diminishing emphasis, bettering physical operation, and developing feelings of positive self-regard, self-efficacy and perceived control ( Austin, 1996 ) . How to cite Models In Therapeutic Recreation Services Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

GCSE Media Coursework Advertising Essay Example For Students

GCSE Media Coursework Advertising Essay For my Advertisements I have chosen two adverts selling cars to two very different target audiences. My first is an advert for the Toyota Corolla; this advert is in the S:2 Sunday express supplement, this magazine is stereotypically read by middle class couples. This advert is laid out on a double page spread to make readers focus on the product and not be drawn to other visible adverts from other companies. It focuses on visual humour with surprisingly little text and no pseudo science, which is the strategy typically used by car manufacturers to sell their products. It shows a typical street corner in Camden, London, with a blurred commuter crowd giving the impression these people are moving quickly and lead fast paced lives. There is a man standing on the corner holding a sign saying golf sale with an arrow pointing to the right hand side of the scene This leads your eye over to the right and provides a baseline for the humour. There is another man standing over to the right of the scene also holding a sign, his says Corolla with an arrow pointing to the Corolla he is standing next to. At the bottom right of the page an easy to read no-nonsense font it states simply: New Corolla. A car to be proud of ,it uses the concept that the car is something to be proud of, this is humorously portrayed by the sign it implies that this man sees his car as something so important he must tell all that it is his and it is better than their car. The advert is subtly coloured using a washed out effect to help emphasise the red of the Corolla sign and the other mans golf sale sign. The golf sale sign is pointing to the right hand side of the scene. This draws the eye across the pages to the Corolla sign, which, as well as providing a humorous element, indicates the position of the product on the page. The layout follows a standard left to right diagonal down slope drawing the readers eyes to the final, and most important points, the product and tagline which, of course, are the most agonised over components of the ad as they are the bit advertisers want the reader to remember. Another point on this advert is that there is very little copy, the only copy the ad contains are: the tagline, the companys slogan; the car in front is a Toyota and a contact number/website address plus the legal warning on the recording of calls. There is also a small rectangle proclaiming this What Cars car of the year. It does not, strangely, contain a price for the object, which gives a feeling of intrigue to the reader, exactly how much does this product cost? Etc; I believe this helps the ad stick in peoples minds and cause them to think about it, not only when they are looking at the ad, but also later when something makes them wonder why there was no price and makes them want to find out. Overall, I feel that this advert is successfully aimed at young single men and women whose cars are more than just a vehicle; they consider them something to be proud of. My second advert is also trying to sell a car but it is of a very different type and this is evidence of a different target audience in that the whole advert differs so much from that made by Toyota. Like the first ad it is from the S:2 Sunday express supplement. This second advert is produced for Volvo, it contains a stylised block-colour illustrated man and woman in two different situations. .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 , .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 .postImageUrl , .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 , .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612:hover , .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612:visited , .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612:active { border:0!important; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612:active , .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612 .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uffa3f81df8d3ca6ee2e22d9896ba4612:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Linking Media with Fitness Perceptions: A Study on EssayThe first shows the woman standing in the extreme foreground, hands on hips facing the man, who is laying on a bed, seemingly on his side patting the space next to him as if inviting her into his bed. The second scene is shown inside a picture, in the larger scene, it shows the man sitting on the car and the woman standing close to him; they appear to be talking. Although the smaller scene appears inside the larger one, it extends beyond it into a large light, blank area and when it does this the image of the car, the product, changes from a modern illustrative style to a photograph of the real car. This advert contains much more copy than the previous ad, it uses pseudo-science to try to impress and bewilder the reader and give the impression that there is nothing better equipped on the road today. The tagline of this advert: before you have kids, practice ,written in bold text hints at the sexual nature of the images causing a connection between this product and the bedroom, the main area of interest for most 20 year olds, this again leaves the reader with an image to take with them. This causes the ad to stick in their minds and be recalled at a completely unconnected moment. Unlike the first advert this one does contain a price within the copy although it is still very small and not easily noticed. The Volvo slogan for life is included in the bottom left hand corner along with a rpm gauge, which creates the impression of high performance. In conclusion these ads are more similar than they first appear and yet the different target audiences cause subtle differences which cannot be ignored.

Lennox International Inc. Case Study

In modern changing business environment, companies need to have strategic policies to enable them remain competitive and profitable.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Lennox International Inc. Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Globalization and international trade has opened massive opportunities that companies can venture into; when operating in the global scenes, decisions and policies developed should be responsive to the needs of the particular business environment that the company aims at venturing. Lennox International Inc is an international American based company, in the business of providing climate control products like refrigeration equipments, heating apparatus, air conditioning equipments, and ventilation; the company is listed in New York stock exchange. The company has been in operation for more than one century and remains to be competitive and relevant amidst changing business environmen ts and competition. This paper analyzes the strategic and financial situation of the company. Organizational overview Dave Lennox established Lennox International Inc in the year 1895; where the company was making riveted-steel furnace, nine years down the line the company has accumulated enough financial base that it established a single outlet to sell and fix the furnace to contractors. In 1923, to cover for the expansion, the company developed a warehouse in Syracuse, New York; this time they developed new products in their production like forced-air furnace for residential heating apparatus. Currently, the company has its head quarters at Richardson, Texas, near Dallas; it has trimmed its services and products into four main areas they are: refrigeration, residential heating and cooling, Service experts, commercial heating and coolingAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ami dst competition and global financial crisis that befallen the world, the company continues to make some improved business gains; in 2009, the company recorded an annual sales of $2848million but the figure went up in 2010 to reach $3096millions. Currently the chief Executive officer is called Todd M. Bluedorn (please see the appendixes for bead of directors list) Strategic Assessment Strategic assessment is a management tool where a company analysis internal and external environment that it is operation it to be able to learn the strengths, opportunities and hindrances that might hinder the company from attaining its corporate goals and objectives. It is a decision making tool where the company utilizes the available information, and blends the information with collected information through external environment analysis and uses the quality to make decisions. The following is the strategic assessment of Lennox International Inc: External Analysis External analysis defines those fact ors that are beyond the control of a company; they are the factors that influence the operation of the company but there is nothing much that the company can do other than mitigate any threats and risks associated with them. One of the most obvious problems that are facing Lennox International Inc is global financial crisis, the company is not able to diversify fully its operations and processes since the world is having a slower economic growth. To make the situation even worse, the crisis started in the United States where the company has its main operating base. Another issue facing the company is high competition from international and other domestic companies in the industry; they include Samsung and Philips company who have developed into the sector and coming with similar products.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Lennox International Inc. Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With current moves by activists to improve the environmental condition in the efforts of making the world enjoy benefits of sustainable development, as such the company has to make some adjustments in its operations to produce commodities that are environmentally friendly as well as ensure that it has programs to protect the environment. Such programs include recycling and water conservation programs; other than looking into such factors, the company has to comply with national and international environmental policies like the regulations of Kyoto protocol. Another external influence that the company is facing is the shift of business from western and American markets to the Asian companies; many countries are diverting their trade to the Asian and Eastern countries making business in the United States more challenging. Other than the shift, the terrorism situation in the country has made some traders to shy away from getting commodities from the place1. Corporate Level Strategy In the wake of global fin ancial crisis, Lennox International Inc had to come up with corporate structures to remain marketable and relevant in modern contemporary business environments; one of the corporate strategies that the company has is to take advantage of its heritage of strong local autonomy. Using the strategy, managers at different states were supposed to advice the company on the kind of products that the company should make to fit that class of people that the country has. This saw the company makes products of different sizes and concentrated in some blue ocean business approach. For instance with the fiancà © competition that it was facing in the Asian countries, the company decided to relax its expenditure in the country and instead concentrate on other areas like African and Caribbean countries which were economically growing and promising. It also concentrated in the local markets and used research and development policies to come up with consumer driven products.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In line with growing the number of customers, the company has customer-relationship management programs that aim at improving the loyalty of customers in the domestic and international arenas. Direct marketing is another approach that the company has embarked on to ensure that the market of its products grow further. Business strategy To have a well-concentrated operation and facilitate the delivery of quality products and services, the company has divided its operations into four main business areas or line of business, refrigeration, residential heating and cooling. Service experts, commercial heating and cooling, the move facilitate proper leadership in the business with the aim of developing the most effective strategies and policies relevant to the sector of division. To ensure that it remains competitive, the company has a robust marketing and research development that has the task of reaching green markets and ensuring that it gets advantage from the markets. There are differ ent tools that have been adopted to assist in the sales; they include direct marketing, the use of social networks, the use of posters, and electronic marketing tools. The information and technology department is one of the strongest department in the company where it has the aim of advising the business on the best technology to adopt as well assisting the company come up with the right analysis tools for market information for decision making. Decisions are the driving force in an organization; the quality of decision made by managers determines the competitiveness of the organization; Lennox International Inc adopts a scientific decision making approach. The growth of an organization is influenced by the quality as well as acceptability of decisions made by managers of levels. To come up with a good decision Lennox International Inc undergoes through three main stages, the stages are defining the problem, data collection and choosing the best alternative. Involvement of staffs in the decision making process contributes to acceptability of the decision2. Financials Despite the hard economic times, Lennox International Inc has shown some improved strength in its financial standing, the company has the capacity to meet its financial obligations when they fall due and have the capacity of diversifying business internationally. Financial Assessment Since 2006 to 2009, Lennox sales has been reducing, the figures as per the company’s audited financial statements were $2847millions, 3,441 millions, $3,691 million, and 3,700 millions, the figures are a show of a business that is having financial constrains. However it should be remembered this was the time of global financial crisis where all companies especially those operating in the United States are facing; in 2010, the company shown an improvement of its sales when they increased to $3,096.40 millions, this shows a company that have come up from the crisis and have strengthened its marketing and operatio n base. Operating incomes for the periods were not any different with them reducing from 2006 to 2009 then increasing in 2010; the figures were as follows: $166.8m, $165.7m, $123.8m, $60.8m, and $117.1m, from 2006 to 2010 respectively. Looking at the changes and probably trying to deduce what happened in 2010, it is evident that the sales budget, marketing and distribution budget of the company increased. This shows that the company embarked on massive campaigns and marketing of its products. The company in the last five years showed the capability and short-term financial strength where its capability to meet its short term financial needs have been seen from the ration of its current assets and current liabilities. Though the current ration hardly could reach the most recommended level of two in either year, at least the company had the short-term assets to cater for its liabilities; the following is the record of its current assets and current liabilities. Current assets. 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Current assets  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   946.90 833.90 935.20 1,070.70 1,018.40 Current Liabilities 615.60 593.80 576.00 684.20 651.10 In the recent years, that are 2009 and 2010, the company is seen to have an increased strength in the rate at which it can meet its financial obligation when they fall due. In 2010, the company’s long term financial obligation increased, this is when it recorded an increased amount of long-term loan of $317m from 2009 amount of $193m; the amount of loan can be seen as an additional capital that the company took to ensure that it has strengthened its operations in the global and local scenes. Other than in 2010, the last five years had seen a reduction of long-term loan that the company has had. The company has had a slowed growth in fixed assets value, the amounts seem to be in the same margins, and the amounts after depreciation were Year 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 324.30 329.60 329.40 317.80 288.20 The above trend doe s not show a health business, it shows a business that is struggling to keep a float and one that seems not to be inventing in fixed assets. Although this can be an alarm call, it can also show a business that takes time to put its house in order and invents in assets when the situation it is operating under seems to improve. Corporate Forecast The company is listed in the New York stock exchange; it continues to be one of the strongest trading companies. As at 17 May 2011, the company’s stocks were selling at $47.8 while 52 weeks high and low were 54.1 and 39.4 respectively. This shows a stock that is not stable and can be subject of speculations. For investors that are willing to make a fast kill with the stock exchange, they are some of the shares that can offer such an opportunity. Despite the hard economic times facing the company, the company has continues to respect their shareholders, since 1999, the company has been having an increased dividends share. In 2010, the d ividends for the last quarter were $0.180 per share this was $0.03 higher than the amount recorded in the same period in 2009. The flow of the divided in the space that the company has been facing some financial difficulties is a show of a company that has high value for its shareholders. It is unique to see a company having reduced incomes from sales yet the divided that it is declaring are increasing with time. Another move in the same line is the effort that the company opted for in 2010 of adding its loan budget instead of reducing the amount that it was to offer as dividends to shareholders, at normal situation, companies when having financial financing decisions to make, they opt for a reduction of their financial dividends declarations than to borrow finances. When interpolating the two moves, the company seen to be a good company for long term investments as it respects its shareholders, the current restructuring and recovery from financial crisis are also some indications o f a business that in the future will offer higher returns to the shareholders. The company also seems to have concentrated it powers in marketing and selling areas and with its vast experience and effective corporate management, the future seems bright with the company3. Risk analysis When in operation, a business faces different risks from internal and external forces. The risks can be arranged or mitigated in the best way possible to ensure that the company remains competitive amidst the changes in world trade environments. The following are the major risks affecting the company and the way it has done to mitigate losses as a result: Exchange risk Since the company operates in the global scenes, there are high chances that when the foreign exchange market is not healthy, the company can suffer some losses and when the markets are performing well, some gains accrue to the company. global financial flows, recent global financial crisis and recession have lead to exchange rate deprec iation and interest rate hikes; the new changes has resulted to international foreign currency environment that can be characterized with unsound fundamentals; exchange rate inflexibility. Since the foreign market is unpredictable, the company has made contingency plans to ensure that sudden and abrupt change or fall in the foreign exchange market does not force the company into financial constraints. Country risk Lennox International Inc operates in the global scenes, the country that it operates in determines the success of the company at that particular country as well as the general good of the company; this factor makes the company venerable for political, social and domestic rivalries of the countries it is operating in. For instance, there is a high risk in countries that have shifted their trade to the Asian countries. In time of election in those countries will no stable political structures; the company has in the past suffered losses. To ensure that the company remains co mpetitive and mitigates this risk, there are occasional countries of operation audits that help to improve the business practice with the company. It also respects the country of operation laws, politics, culture, and tradition. Financial risk In contemporary business environments, businesses are faced with financial risks; financial risks means that the company is faced with the challenge of developing the best approach that it can venture into the market and sell its products at a price afforded by the target market as it makes a financial gain from such a transaction. When trading in the global scenes, the company faces the challenge of whether it will sell its products directly to the consumers, which will probably earn the company higher financial gains or it, will have to involve the services of intermediaries and franchise its businesses. The best practice for the company is one that offers high value for money and one that ensures that things are on course. To ensure that th e company militates against financial losses, the management has embarked on strategic business management policies and tools; they are policies that allow the business to operate at its optimal by improving the internal process, services and products. The programs have two main agendas, to reduce the cost of operation as it increases the sales of the company. Market risk In the globalized business environments, business are facing a challenge dominating large share of the markets that they operate; Lennox International Inc is faced with domestic, multinational and international companies, there is also a blatant duplication of their products by some local competitors. The shift to Asian market is another risk that the company is facing since it has to compete with companies that seem to have an upper hand from the first instance. To ensure that the company remains competitive and mitigates any markets risk, the company has embarked on two main issues, massive innovation, invention, research, and development. It ensures that it makes products that are responsive to the needs of the communities it serves4. Conclusion Lennox International Inc has been in operation for more than a century; however, the company has faced numerous challenges in the last five years that has made it have a slowed expansion and growth. The main challenges come from competition, global financial crisis, and general trend of consumers moving to the Asian markets. Despite the challenges, the management has embarked on numerous strategic moves to remain competitive; the strategies adopted by the company include total quality management (TQM), six sigma, integrated supply chain management, and diversity management. The above policies have seen the company sales and productivity improve in 2010 although it is too early to judge whether the policies are lasting solutions to the company’s problems. Bibliography Hooley, Graham, and Saunders, John. 1993.Competitive Strategy: The Key to M arketing Strategy. New York: Prentice Hall. Kotabe, Masaki, and Helsen Kristiaan.2004. Global Marketing Management.New York: John Wiley Sons. Lennox International Inc. Official Website. Lennox International. Available from http://www.lennoxinternational.com/ . Zahra, Shaker A., R. Duane Ireland, and Michael A. Hitt. 2000. â€Å"International Expansion by New Venture Firms: International Diversity, Mode of Market Entry, Technological Learning, and Performance.† Academy of Management Journal 43, no. 5: 925-950. Appendixes Todd M. Bluedorn CEO Lennox International Inc.Janet K. Cooper Former Senior Vice President and Treasurer Qwest Communications International Inc. Committees: 1, 4C. L. (Jerry) Henry Former Chairman, President and CEO Johns Manville Corporation Committees: 1, 2John E. Major President MTSG Committees: 1, 3John W. Norris, III Chair Environmental Funders Partnership Committees: 2, 4 Paul W. Schmidt Former Corporate Controller General Motors Corporation Committe es: 1, 2Terry D. Stinson CEO Stinson Consulting, LLC Committees: 2, 3Jeffrey D. Storey, MD President Cheyenne Women’s Clinic Committees: 3, 4Gregory T. Swienton Chairman and CEO Ryder System, Inc. Committees: 3, 4Richard L. Thompson Chairman of the Board Lennox International Inc. Footnotes 1 Lennox International Inc. Official Website. Lennox International. 2 Zahra, Shaker A., R. Duane Ireland, and Michael A. Hitt. 2000. â€Å"International Expansion by New Venture Firms: International Diversity, Mode of Market Entry, Technological Learning, and Performance.† Academy of Management Journal 43, no. 5: 925-950. 3 Kotabe, Masaki, and Helsen Kristiaan.2004. Global Marketing Management.New York: John Wiley Sons. 4 Hooley, Graham, and Saunders, John. 1993.Competitive Strategy: The Key to Marketing Strategy. New York: Prentice Hall. This report on Lennox International Inc. Case Study was written and submitted by user Cayden Nolan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

APA Style Basics

APA Style Basics Traditionally, reports and papers are built on the findings of those who have gone before us. In fact, few solid papers and analyses have been accepted without the backing of secondary sources. However, you will need to cite these sources in a consistent and accepted style, in order to ensure your paper is correctly formatted. The APA style was developed by the American Psychological Association just for this use. Creating a comprehensive system of documentation, and streamlining it into an easy-to-use format, the APA style has become popular with businesses and academics alike. In fact, it is one of the most widely used methods of documentation. In order to use this modern documentation method, you will need to familiarize yourself with APA style. Like any system, it is useless unless properly implemented. You need a tool to help you learn how to correctly cite the sources you use, and a way to make those citations easy and time-effective. Luckily, there is a host of APA style information available to you by way of modern technology. From APA templates to easily inserted sources, you can find software that will implement the intricacies of APA style for you. You can find the best APA formatting software from online companies who specialize in documentation sourcing.

Analysis of the problems

This case study highlights about the analysis of the problems, background, theories, and action plans. Before exploring Tucker Company, it is necessary to know the background including its past and present. It will be discussed further about the problems in Tucker Company that occurred when it reorganizing its company into 3 new divisions. The 3 new divisions are also known as 3 new product lines of Tucker Company. In the following point, it draws the relation among those problems with some managements theories. In the end of this report, it will also be provided what the company should do to solve those problems. II)Case background Tucker Company carried out an extensive restructuring I 1978 which divide the company into three major product lines and will lead by a new vice – president and he will report to Mr. Harnett, the CEO of Tucker Company. The new product lines were commercial jet engines, military jet engines and utility turbines. Each division would have their departments such as manufacturing, engineering and accounting department. There was a old laboratory which continue support the three main division after the reorganization. Mr Hodge was the new manager of the laboratory manager in 1988. He focused more on his own advancement more than the company’s development. Few months later, several conflicts occurred in his laboratory and he was the main reason which caused this conflicts. Argument happened between Mr. Hodge and Mr. Franklin, the manager of engineering department over the implementation of the results and the time of handling his request taking a longer time under his management. The arguments between Mr. Hodge and Mr. Franklin occur successively and caused one of the Mr. Franklin’s projects failed. III) Problem analysis Problem that occurred in Tucker Company is conflict while the progressing of Tucker Companys reorganization its company into 3 principle product lines. It was about personal conflict between Hodge and Franklin who disagreed over the implementation of the materials. Even though it was personal problem, it could affect all aspects of the company and it might become a crucial matter. The engineer of the utility turbine division, Mr. Franklin, wanted his department to be in charge in final decision of the materials. Meanwhile, Mr. Hodge, the new laboratory manager, as the replacement of the previous laboratory manager which was Mr. Garfield. Mr. Hodge stated that he is a metallurgist. Thus, the final decision should be on him. Unlike Mr. Garfield, from the point of view of Mr. Hodges peers, he was more interested in his own advancement rather than companys advancement. IV)a)Theories Management theory – divisional structure Divisional structure can be defined as a structure which usually consists of several parallel teams focusing on a single product or service line. Tucker Company applies this divisional structure and divides into 3 product lines which were commercial jet engines, military jet engines and utility turbines. There were some advantages and disadvantages of this divisional structure. i)Advantage The advantage of using divisional structure was that every team or group will be focused on a single product and supported by a leadership structure. The manager has to divide the workers with same abilities and talents into a same group and focus on the product which they were expertise in. Through this method, the company will become more effective and will have higher productivity. Furthermore, due to the division, it is easier for manager to measure their performance. Another advantage by applying this divisional structure will be each product lines were self sufficient and flexible. The divisional structure was designed so each teams or groups were self-sufficient which means each group will have its own department. For instance, in Tucker Company, 3 new product lines will have its own department such as engineering department, manufacturing department and accounting department and these groups will operate separately so that these groups can focused on a particular goal. ii)Disadvantage On the other hand, the disadvantage for this divisional structure was the cost of operations was usually very high. In Tucker Company, each products line will have their departments and each department needed its own resources and these will increase the cost of operations. In addition, each product lines will have 1 divisional head and conflicts between divisional heads will occurred when every divisional heads wants to show their supremacy. Company could not operate well if every divisional heads would not cooperate well and could not meet the company’s goals and objective. b)Theory of scarcity First of all, scarcity means unlimited wants and limited resources and it was impossible for a company to meet all goals at the same time. Same problem happened in Tucker Company. Tucker Company has 3 products lines but only 1 laboratory. It was simply means that the company has scarce resources which refer to the laboratory. 3 departments are using 1 laboratory at the laboratory cannot used by three departments at the same time. So they have to choose which departments have to use first and other department shave to give up using it. Argument between departments will eventually occurred and these argument only can be solved or minimize by maximized the resources.